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Головна » Статті » England

English Painting

English Painting

William Hogarth

Genius is nothing but

labour and diligence

Hogarth

            Painting in England in the 17th-19th centuries is represented by a number of great artists. At that period it was greatly influenced by foreign painters. Van Dyck was invited to London by the king and he created there the impressive, formal type of portrait. Such masters as Reynolds, Gainsborough, and Raeburn owe much to their study of his works.

            During the 18th century a truly national school of painting was created in England. William Hogarth was the first great English painter. He raised British pictorial art to a high level of importance. Hogarth was born in London. His father was a schoolmaster. In his early years Hogarth showed a talent for drawing. After finishing school he was sent as a pupil to a silver engraver. Hogarth was not a success as a portrait-painter. But his pictures of social life brought him fame and position. "The marriage contract” is one of them. As a painter Hogarth was very capable and direct in his composition. He painted many pictures. He was sure that success had come to him due to hard labour. "I know of no such thing as genius”, he wrote. "Genius is nothing but labour and diligence”. Hogarth is well known as a humourist and satirist on canvas. If we call him – as he loved to call himself – "author” rather than "artist” his place is with great masters of literature – Fielding, Cervantes and Moliere.

 

 

Joshua Reynolds,

            We can’t but mention Joshua Reynolds, the most outstanding portraitist of his time. Reynolds became the first president of the Royal academy. He was greatly influenced by old masters and was the founder of the English school of portrait painting.

            He was born in Devonshire in 1723. Reynolds received a fairly good education from his father who was a clergyman and the master of a free grammar school. He went to London at 17 and again in 1744. On board the Centurion he went to Italy. After more than two years in Rome he spent five months visiting Parma, Florence, Venice and other important cities of Italy. Returning to England, Reynolds established himself as a portrait painter. Sir Joshua was too successful an artist to escape the jealousy but he was said to be "a born diplomatist”. In 1784 he was appointed painter to the king.

In the summer of 1789 his sight began to fail but he continued occasionally to paint till about the end of 1790. On the 23rd of February 1792, the great artist passed peacefully away. Reynolds was all his life devoured by what he called "a perpetual desire to advance”

 

 

John Constable

(1776-1837)

            John Constable was the first English landscape painter to ask no lessons from the Dutch. His originality doesn’t lie in the choice of subjects but in the sphere of technique and feeling.

John Constable was born in East Bergholt in Suffolk on June 11, 1776. His father was a man of some property, including water and wind mills. John was devoted to painting. His passion for art increasing, he was allowed to visit London in 1795. Only in 1799 he adopted the profession of painting and became a student at the Royal Academy. Constable worked hard. From 1806 to 1809 Constable was engaged in painting portraits. After the death of his father he was able to marry and settle in London. There he painted some of his well known works such as "Flatford Mill”, "A Cottage in a Cornfield” and "The White Horse”. In 1819 Constable’s talent was recognized by his election to the Royal Academy.

The series of important works was continued by "A View on the Stour”, "Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Garden”, "The Lock”. In 1824 "The Hay Wain” was exhibited in Paris and awarded a gold medal.

            The death of his wife in 1828 was a shock from which he never wholly recovered. His election to the academy didn’t lessen his distress. He suffered form nervous depression and died suddenly on March, 31, 1837.

            Many of Constable’s works were bought by his children and have passed to the English nation. Constable was part of the Romantic period he lived in. Constable was an accurate observer of nature and had a romantic passion for light. The country-side was his constant subject, which he painted under all conditions or weather. His picture of a cloudy sky was so true to life that a fellow-painter said one day, "Give me my umbrella. I’m going to look at Mr. Constable’s pictures.” He enjoyed clouds and sunshine, trees and hills. His sketches express the tone, colour, movement and atmosphere of the scenery. His treatment of the skies is especially notable. The artist liked to study the sky and he had a special word for making sketches of the sky – "skying”. No one has painted English cloud effects so truthfully, or used them as a compositional quantity with so much skill.

            Constable was the first to introduce green into painting, the green of lush meadows, the green of summer foliage, and all the greens which until then, painters refused to see except through bluish, yellow or more often brown glasses. His work had great effect on both the Romantic and Impressionist groups.

 

 

Thomas Gainsborough

(1727-1788)

Thomas Gainsborough was one of the founding fathers of the British landscape school in the 18th century and one of the most original portrait painters of his day. A good amateur violinist and a lover of the drama, he was an artistic person.

He was born in the spring of 1727 at Sudbury, Suffolk. Thomas was the youngest of 9 children. When a boy, he was very good at drawing, and according to a story about him, he made such a good portrait form memory of a thief whom he had seen robbing a garden, that the thief was caught.

At 14 he had sketched every fine tree and cottage near his home and his father let him go to London. He studied at the academy in St.Martin’s Lane. After his return home he married Margaret Burr and at 20 he became a householder in Ipswich. Here he painted his portraits and landscapes.

In1759 Gainsborough went to Bath, then the general resort of wealth and fashion. Here he expanded to the full. In Bath he painted and studied the masterpieces of Van Dyck.

In 1774 Thomas Gainsborough went to London. There he was summoned to the palace. He painted some portraits of George III, the queen and other members of the royal family. The artist is said to have admitted to George III that he preferred landscape painting to portraits but he was compelled to earn his living by painting portraits as he could not sell his landscapes. In London he painted them from memory. They were more nostalgic and removed from a workaday.

Gainsborough portraits are painted in clear tones where blue and green predominate. He often placed his figures against a landscape background. Among his famous portraits is the portrait of Mrs. Siddons, a famous actress in a blue dress, and a picture known as”Blue Boy” -a boy in a blue costume. In his portrait of Mrs. Siddons we see a woman in a light blue. Gainsborough’s portraits of children are full of charm. He had a great feeling and sympathy for them. The delightful portraits of his two little daughters have given pleasure for over 200 years, and still do.

            Gainsborough’s late pictures present a contrasting vision of the elegance of the town and the simple delights of rustic life which is at the heart of his own complex feelings. They generate poetic melancholy. Gainsborough painted 500 pictures. His work is the expression of a poet and a musician. He died on August 2, 1788 and was buried in Kew

William Turner

(1775-1831)

Кто наделён талантом и одержим жаждой творчества,

 тот никогда не сможет смотреть на вещи поверхностно.

                                                                                              Тёрнер

 

William Turner was a genius of the first order – far the greatest painter that England has ever produced. If Constable may be regarded as the splendid prose of earth, Turner gives us the poetry.

Son of a London barber he started drawing and painting as a small boy selling his drawings to the customers of his father’s shop.

Of his life we know practically nothing. He lived only in and for his art. It’s difficult to trace his work step by step from its beginnings. As the barber’s son of St. Martin’s Lane he made copies of engravings he remembered seeing in the picture dealer’s windows. At the end of his life he was a master, who no longer served anything but his vision.

Turner lived till he was 76. When his work came to be listed the records showed 200 important oil paintings, 300 water colours and no less than 20,000 sketches and drawings. Many of these sketches were magnificent works in themselves. Hardly one was negligible (незначительный). Merely as industry it is a tremendous lifework. He rightly became a god in British painting caught in the apotheosis (обожествление) of beauty.

            Despite his fame an enormous number of his great canvases and exquisite (изысканные) water colours were his own. And the lonely old man, dying, bequeathed (завещал) them to the nation.

            Turner had a life long passion for the sea and he dedicated most of his paintings to it. He was a sailor and the sea absorbed him. "Calais Pier” is one of his grandest creations. Those who look at the picture can smell the water and hear the shout of the wind. The chief aim of Turner’s life was to see the sunrise above water. He owned a number of houses from which he could see it happening. And he was particularly fascinated by the line where the sun and the sea join each other. In order to observe these effects he lived by the seaside in East Kent. The neighbors believed him to be an eccentric sea captain, who even in retirement could not stop looking out to sea.

            Turner was the first great artist to paint in a style absolutely outside his own time. In Turner’s time his pictures must have looked crazy and were usually referred to as "another of Mr. Turner’s little jokes”.

Test

  1. …was the genius of the first order.

a) Turner b) Constable c) Reynolds d) Hogarth

2. … lived only in and for his art.

a) Constable b) Gainsborough c) Turner d) Hogarth

3… was called the god of English painting

4. … was one of the founding fathers of the British landscape school.

a) Turner b) Constable c) Gainsborough d) Reynolds

5. Blue and green predominate in the portraits of ….

a) Constable b) Hogarth c) Gainsborough d) Hogarth

6. … liked to study the sky and he had a special word for making sketches of the sky – "skying”.

a) Reynolds b) Gainsborough c) Constable d) Turner

7. …was the first to introduce green into paining.

a) Hogarth b) Constable c) Gainsborough d) Reynolds

8. His pictures of social life brought … fame and position.

a) Reynolds b) Hogarth c) Turner d) Constable

9. … is well known as a humourist and satirist on canvas.

a) Turner b) Hogarth c) Reynolds d) Gainsborough

10. … became the first president of the Royal academy.

a) Gainsborough b) Hogarth c) Constable d) Reynolds

11. … was all his life devoured by "a perpetual desire to advance”

a) Turner b) Gainsborough c) Reynolds d) Constable

12. In 1824 …was exhibited in Paris and awarded a gold medal.

a)”The Hay Wain” b)” Calais Pier” c)”Blue Boy” d) "Flatford Mill”

Категорія: England | Додав: toha (11.02.2011)
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